• • • The Yajurveda (Sanskrit: यजुर्वेद, yajurveda, from yaj meaning 'worship', and veda meaning 'knowledge') is the Veda primarily of prose mantras for worship rituals. An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, it is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the fire. Yajurveda is one of the four, and one of the scriptures of. The exact century of Yajurveda's composition is unknown, and estimated by scholars to be around 1200 to 1000 BCE, contemporaneous with.

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The Yajurveda is broadly grouped into two – the 'black' or 'dark'( Krishna) Yajurveda and the 'white' or 'bright'( Shukla) Yajurveda. The term 'black' implies 'the un-arranged, unclear, motley collection' of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the 'white' which implies the 'well arranged, clear' Yajurveda. The black Yajurveda has survived in four recensions, while two recensions of white Yajurveda have survived into the modern times. The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda includes about 1,875 verses, that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in. The middle layer includes the, one of the largest texts in the Vedic collection. The youngest layer of Yajurveda text includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of.

These include the, the, the, the, the and the. Yajurveda text describes formula and mantras to be uttered during sacrificial fire (yajna) rituals, shown. Offerings are typically ghee (clarified butter), grains, aromatic seeds, and cow milk. Yajurveda is a compound Sanskrit word, composed of yajus (यजुस्) and veda (वेद).

Monier-Williams translates yajus as 'religious reverence, veneration, worship, sacrifice, a sacrificial prayer, formula, particularly mantras muttered in a peculiar manner at a sacrifice'. Veda means 'knowledge'. Johnson states yajus means '(mostly) prose formulae or mantras, contained in the Yajur Veda, which are muttered'. Michael Witzel interprets Yajurveda to mean a 'knowledge text of prose mantras' used in Vedic rituals.

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Ralph Griffith interprets the name to mean 'knowledge of sacrifice or sacrificial texts and formulas'. Carl Olson states that Yajurveda is a text of 'mantras (sacred formulas) that are repeated and used in rituals'. Text [ ] Recensions [ ] The Yajurveda text includes Shukla Yajurveda of which about 16 recensions are known, while the Krishna Yajurveda may have had as many as 86 recensions. Only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda have survived, Madhyandina and Kanva, and others are known by name only because they are mentioned in other texts.

These two recensions are nearly the same, except for a few differences. In contrast to Shukla Yajurveda, the four surviving recensions of Krishna Yajurveda are very different versions. Shukla Yajurveda [ ] The samhita in the Shukla Yajurveda is called the Vajasaneyi Samhita. The name Vajasaneyi is derived from Vajasaneya, patronymic of sage, and the founder of the Vajasaneyi branch. There are two (nearly identical) surviving recensions of the Vajasaneyi Samhita (VS): Vajasaneyi Madhyandina and Vajasaneyi Kanva.