Topic Overview The post-void residual (PVR) urine test measures the amount of urine left in the bladder after urination. The test is used to help evaluate: • Incontinence (accidental release of urine) in women and men. • Urination problems. • An enlarged prostate. The amount of leftover (residual) urine can be measured by draining the bladder with a thin flexible tube (catheter) or by using ultrasound.

The catheter method has a slight risk of causing infection or injury to the tube leading from the bladder (urethra). But the catheter method is safe when done carefully. And it may be less expensive than ultrasound.

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The present volume, Current Approaches to Discourse and Translation Studies, presents innovative theoretical models and applications of the two disciplines in intercultural contexts. The Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics offers a platform to scholars who carry out rigorous and interdisciplinary research on language in real use. Corpus linguistics and Pragmatics have traditionally represented two paths of scientific research, parallel but often mutually exclusive and excluding. Corpus Linguistics can offer a meticulous methodology based on mathematics and statistics while Pragmatics strives to interpret intended meaning in real language. This series will give readers insight into how pragmatics can be used to explain real corpus data, and how corpora can illustrate pragmatic intuitions. Black and White Metaphors and Metonymies in English and Spanish Corpus linguistics Corpus-based interpreting studies English-to-Chinese Translation Interdisciplinary discourse analysis Spoken written language argumentation in discourse analysis cohesive markers in interpreting and translation corpus-based public service interpreting gendered discourse mapping collaborative epistemology pragmatics in literary translation quantitative research on spontaneous and elicited discourse text analysis of self-help healthcare books.